Evaluation of total milk proteinate as a milk subsitute of egg in cake and mayonnaise making

The possibility of using total milk proteinate [TMP] as a partial substitute with egg solids and optimization its levels to develop cake and mayonnaise making with good physical, rheological, chemical and sensory properties was studied. TMP solution was added during cake and mayonnaise making as a partial substitute with fresh whole egg at the levels of 25 and 50%. The results revealed that the protein content of TMP was higher, while fat and ash contents were lower than the whole egg. TMP and whole fresh egg had a similar percentage of carbohydrate. Moreover, the emulsifying activity indexes of TMP and whole egg were similar. Emulsifying stability index of whole egg was stable and had higher values as compared with the TMP after 3 days from the testing. Whole egg had significantly higher foam capacity than the TMP. Also, fresh whole egg had exhibited higher foam volume stability than that of TMP. The foam volume of whole egg characterized with stability during 40 min under testing as compared with TMP. Higher solubility at pH 7.5 and buffering capacity values were observed for TMP than the whole egg. Among the microbiological counts, TMP samples showed lower counts than whole egg. When using TMP as a partial replacement of whole egg in cake prepared, the cakes prepared had higher protein and carbohydrate levels as compared with control cake samples. The weight and volume of cake samples prepared with TMP were significantly affected [p<0.05]. Also, the specific volume of cakes prepared with partial replacement of 25% and 50% whole egg by TMP had higher specific volume values than the control cake samples. The bulk densities were reduced for TMP cakes than the controls. The addition of TMP as a partial replacement of whole egg had an improving effect in colour characteristics of cakes. On the other hand, partial replacement of 25 and 50% of whole egg by TMP considerably increased the initial viscosity and improved the rheological parameters of the resulting mayonnaise. Generally, the individual replacement of 25% and 50% whole egg by TMP caused an improvement in the sensory properties of cake and mayonnaise samples

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: surgical or medical treatment?

Surgical treatment is the gold standard method for treatment of infantile pyloric stenosis. Surgery, however, is not without risks. Medical treatment with atropine was introduced long time ago and seems to be an attractive alternative to surgery. To treat infantile pyloric stenosis medically or surgically is still a controversial area. To test whether medical treatment is as effective as surgery in treatment of infantile pyloric stenosis and to determine which infant is suitable for either modality. 28 infants with infantile pyloric stenosis were included in this study. In all infants the diagnosis was confirmed by an abdominal ultrasound and gastrographin study. Medical treatment consisted of intravenous atropine 0.01 mg/kg /dose every 4 hours followed by oral atropine 0.02 mg/kg/dose every 6 hours. Surgical treatment consisted of standard Ramstdt's pyloromyotomy under general anesthesia. 14 infants were treated medically and 14 infants were treated surgically. Medical treatment was successful in 8 infants [66%] whereas surgical treatment was successful in all cases [p <0.002]. Mean hospital stay was 10 +/- 2 days in medically treated infants and it was 3 +/- 1 days in surgically treated infants [P<0.0001]. In our Hospital, surgical treatment is superior to medical treatment in cases of infantile pyloric stenosis. However the encouraging success rate of medical treatment may justify trying it in infants waiting for surgery or in infants in whom surgery is contraindicated

Potentialities for community and rural development through voluntary and governmental health professions partnership: a case study from south Kordofan [1995 - 2000]

Developing countries are confronted by multiple challenges. Civil conflicts and war, rapid population movements and displacement, poor rural infrastructure settings and destruction of existing ones, economical recession and malutilization of resources and bureaucracy, are some but not all. Partnership is needed and new players for a new era are to be introduced. Non-governmental agencies can play that role through partnership with governments and history of the post-war Europe is an example. In this study a similar experience from Sudan is under appraisal whereby a leading non-governmental organization, Benevolence International Foundation [BIF] has been, and through partnership with the State Health Authorities, implementing health and other social activities in some of the most needy rural suburbs of Kadogli Province in South Kordofan State. The population served by BIF in these locations mount to a bit more than 25% of the total population of the province. Through implementing Primary Health Care Projects in eleven locations in that area which suffer from the severe and devastating effects of the civil war that has been going on for long and where official role of the government is almost nil, BIF intends and endeavors to mobilize and develop that rural communities. The aim of this essay is to determine if BIF has succeeded and to what extend in inducing change in that communities through highlighting on the major achievements and also to disclose some of the weaknesses and obstacles encountered. The work was an observational descriptive survey covering all the locations of south and west rural suburbs of Kadogli Province through a non-probability sampling technique and starting from late 1995 and up to the end of 1999. The results included populations covered in each peace village, distance from Kadogli city, PHC components performed and those still left undone per clinic, number and classification of practicing health personnel and of those who had a chance for training, and components of community development motivated as indices for success of failure in inducing a positive change in that populations. The study concluded with the affirmation to the importance of voluntary governmental partnership in developing underprivileged communities and in inducing rural development and assured on the role that NGOs can play by making use of the lessons learned from BIF experience in South Kordofan

Respiratory muscle dysfunction in schistosomal cor pulmonale: physiological histopathological and immunohistochemical studies

The study was conducted on 18 patients with schistosomal cor pulmonale with mean pulmonary artery pressure of 52.6 +/- 21.2 mm Hg, pulmonary vascular resistance of 8.1 +/- 4.7 unit and cardiac index of 3.03 +/- 0.37 L/min/m2. This work aimed to evaluate respiratory and diaphragmatic muscle strength and its impact on breathing pattern alteration. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies were also performed on ten patients with evident reduced respiratory muscle strength to assess the structural changes and to identify the possible etiological mechanism for respiratory muscle dysfunction. Schistosomal cor pulmonale patients demonstrated reduction in respiratory muscle strength with mean values of 68.6 +/- 9.1% pred and 70.1 +/- 10.2% pred for maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures respectively. On the other hand, transdiaphragmatic pressure during both normal and maximal effort showed mean values within the normal range [34.7 +/- 6.2 and 181.2 +/- 43.7cm H2O respectively]. Yet; diaphragmatic endurance index in the term of tension time index was found to be [0.09 +/- 0.05] reflecting reduction in diaphragmatic endurance. Breathing pattern demonstrated significant [P<0.01] increment in minute ventilation [VE: 13.5 +/- 1.6 L/min] respiratory frequency [F: 25.2 +/- 2.7] and mean inspiratory flow [V[t] /T[i]; 570.5 +/- 95.8]; whereas; inspiratory duty cycle was significantly [P<0.01] reduced [T[i]T[tot]: 0.4 +/- 0.03] in comparison to control. PE[max] and PI[max] showed significant [P<0.05] negative correlation with V[T] /T[i] [r=-0.69,r =-0.88] and significant [P<0.05] positive correlation with T[i]T[tot] [r = 0.78 and r = 6.85] suggesting that respiratory muscle dysfunction does contribute to breathing pattern alterations. Histopathological study revealed myopathic changes in the form of increased variation in fiber diameter, degenerative changes with increased eosinophilic staining in 6 cases, fiber splitting and fragmentation in 7 cases and endomysial fatty changes in 5 patients Immunohistochemical study using anti-IgG and IgM antibodies revealed positive cytoplasmic staining for IgG in all cases and for IgM in 6 cases while none of the control showed positive stiaining. These previously unreported data document that patients with schistosomal cor pulmonale suffer from respiratory muscle affection at both physiological and histopathological levels. Immunohistochemical findings suggest immunopathogenetic mechanism for their deranged function. Greater attention should be paid for respiratory muscle while evaluating the respiratory functional state of patients with schistosomal cor pulmonale

Triple-layer plate technique, a new preferential method for the selective isolation of cellulolytic actinomycetes

A simple selective technique for the isolation of pure cellulolytic actinomycetes from natural sources was developed. Soil or manure samples are enriched in cellulolytic actinomycetes by thoroughly mixing 100g of the air dry sample with one gram of finely cut pieces of Whatman No. 1 filter paper and 10 ml of sterile water. Flasks are tightly plugged and wrapped in cellophane and kept for 7 days at [i] 28° for enrichment in mesophiles, [ii] 45 in thermotolerants and [iii] 55° in thermophiles, Triple-layer isolaltion plates are prepared in 15 cm wide sterile glass plates by pouring 5 mm in highs sterile water-agar layer [bottom layer], a sterile 15 cm in diameter Whatman No. I filter paper disc is gently placed [middle layer] over the solidified water-agar layer, a thim layer of 1-2 mm in hight, of Kosmatchev agar layer [top layer] is poured over the filter paper disc. Plates are seeded with one drop each of the suitable dilution of the enriched sample, followed by careful spreading using glass spreader. This method enables the pure selective isolation of mesophilic, thermnotolerant and thermophilic actinomycetes

Delay in diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer in Alexandria Main University Hospital

Mean delay between the onset of symptoms and treatment was 18.5 months in 30 patients with colonic carcinomas and 16.7 months in 60 patients with rectal carcinomas. Most of this delay occurred outside the hospital and delay attributable to the patient was more than attributable to general practitioners. Although delay related to incorrect surgical management resulted in a shorter pre-hospital delay but added a serious part to it. Patient delay is largely the result of not knowing the importance of bowel symptoms, while delay with general practitioner was the result of not examining the rectum of patients with possible carcinomas and not recognizing symptoms suggestive of colonic carcinoma. 16.6% of the patients admitted for emergency treatment, all of them consulted their doctor about symptoms on one or more occasions. Hospital delay consisted mainly of waiting for investigation, poor quality barium enemas, inadequate simgoidoscopies or insufficient biopsies. There was no relation between the duration of symptoms and the Duke's stage of the tumor

Heavy metal concentrations in soils, water, and plum fruits in El-Saff area

The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil, water and plum fruits were tested at El Saff area. Data indicated that the surface layer of the cultivated soils [0 - 15 cm.] contained high levels of heavy metals than the lower one [15-40 cm.]. Pb and Zn levels in soils were higher than other heavy metals in all samples, while all soil samples were free from Co. All water samples from the tested canals contained high levels of heavy metals specially Pb and Cd, while Zn and Ni were not detected. Unbelievable concentrations, than expected, of Cr were found in plum fruits, the level of Pb showed great differences in the fruits

Taxonomical and antimicrobial studies on the reddish-grey group of streptomycetes isolated from soils of Egypt

Thirty two of reddish-grey streptomyces isolates were isolated from Egyptian soils. On the basis of the morphological characters they were divided into two sections. Section I with straight spore chains and section II with true spiral chains. The latter was divided into two group: spiny spore surface and smooth spore surface. The morphological, cultural and antagonistic properties of these isolates were studied and they were taxonomically identified as belonging to four streptomyces species Streptomyces griseorubens, Streptomyces saraceticus, Streptomyces carnosus and Streptomyces cinereus

Characterization of a new antibiotic produced by streptomyces saraceticus

Antibiotic production by Streptomyces saraceticus was examined against gram positive bacteria, some yeasts and filamentous fungi. Fish meal extract was used as the fermentative medium for antibiotic production. The antibiotic was extracted from dried broth by methanol and purified by preparative paper chromatography. The antibiotic was found to be polar and its chromatographic spectrum was determined in Blinow solvent systems. The compound exhibited absorption maxima at 207 nm, fluorescence excitation maximum at 350 nm and emission maximum at 415 nm The I.R. spectrum revealed peaks at 3.5, 4.6, 5.0 and 5. G ppm [sigma] Colour reactions indicated the presence of aldehyde group in the antibiotic molecule but no phenolic groups, amino acids, guanidines or nitro group. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of C, 6. 4%; H, 5.9%; CI, 31.7%; S, 1.8 and P, 7.8%, but no nitrogen. Molecular weight of the antibiotic was 1280. The studied antibiotic was temporarily given the name S.s. 20

Role of precursors in oleandomycin biosynthesis by streptomyces antibioticus Effect of some alcohols and auxins on the biosynthesis of oleandomycin

Addition of five different alcohols to fish meal extract medium showed that ethyl alcohol was inhibitory to oleandomycin production. Neither normal nor isobutyl alcohol had any appreciable effect. Propyl alcohol exerted high stimulatory effect. However, normal propyl alcohol was less effective than isopropyl on oleandomycin production. The intensity of antibiotic production was a function of added isopropyl concentration; 0.7% was optimum. Of the stimulatory substances for the antibiotic production, indole acetic acid, indole butyric acid or indole propionic acid were added to the nutritive medium. Indole acetic acid had a slight stimulatory effect on oleandomycin production, while indole butyric acid was of appreciable stimulatory effect. Great stimulatory effect was recorded for indole propionic acid. Coupling indole propionic acid with isopropyl alcohol realized further remarkable increase in oleandomycin production. The experimental oleandomycin producing organism proved to be capable of synthesizing indole propionic acid that was chromatographically detected in cells and in higher concentration in the fermented broth

Role of phosphorus and micronutrients in biosynthesis of oleandomycin by streptomyces antibioticus

Fash meal extract medium, that greatly favoured oleandomycin production by St. antibioticus is very poor in phosphorus. It was thus thought necessary to investigate the effect of addition of phosphorus on the yield of oleandomycin. Experiment revealed that dipotassium hydrogen phosphate was the most preferable inorganic phosphorus source that initiated maximum production of oleandomycin. Below 125 mg/1 phosphorus, productivity was almost uneffected. Above this level, oleandomycin productivity suddenly and sharply increased; a phenomenon that was furthered with rise of phosphorus level to 150 mg/1, above which the yield was maintained stable till 200 mg/1, followed by a steep drop in oleandomycirn production with 225 mg/ I dose of phosphorus or above. The biomass was greatly affected by the added phosphorus concentration. Concentrations ranging from 5 -125 mg P/I were of no effect. However, further increse in phosphorus resulted in a logarithmic increase of biomass, which was maximum at 200 mg P,/1. Further increase in phosphorus decresed biomass yield. Addition of manganese, as a microelement was inhibitory whereas nickel or copper were slightly stimulatory. On the other hand, cobalt, boron, zinc or iron were highly stimulatory. All tested microelements accelerated growth and increase in biomass yield

Effect of some natural vegetable oils and vitamins on oleandomycin biosynthesis by streptomyces antibioticus

Production of antibiotics as well as many other biological activities are greatly affected by addition of certain vitamins to the nutritive medium. Stimulation of antibiotic productivity is, some times acheived by addition of some oils. In the present work, the effect of addition of different vitamins and some oils was studied. The results of supplementation of crude vegetable or animal oils to fish meal extract media on which St. antibioticus was incubated revealed that these oils differentiated into 3 groups with respect to their effect on oleandomycin productiona:a] Inhibitory oils viz caster, linseed, sessame, corn and sunflower b] Oils of no effect viz olive oil; c] Stimulatory oils viz whale, cotton, soya bean and almond oils. The oil components of fish meal - protein source of the basal fermentation medium - were of no effect on the antibiotic production. The stimulatory effects of the crude whale and cotton seed oils disappeared following purification on silica gel. This suggests that the initiative components may be some impurities such as vitamins rather than the oils themselves. Experiments further elucidated that only cobalamine suppressed oleandomycin biosynthesis though did not affect biomass yield. Pantothenic acid, pyrodoxin and p-aminobenzoic acid were of no appreciable effect either on the antibiotic production or biomass yield. Folic acid exerted slight stimulatory effect on oleandomycin production and biomass yield. Riboflavin, nicotinic aria and biotin highly accelerated oleandomycin production. However the highest level was induced by thiamine and vitamin A. These vitamins were all stimulatory to biomass yield. Addition of yeast extract resulted in appreciable stimula.1on of oleandomycin production though still at a fairly lesser level than that initiated by ribofla, nicotinic acid, thiamin or biotin. Yeast extract favoured also biomass yield